Alcoholic drinks of the Soviet era (109 photos). Soviet drinks
On May 16, 1985, the CPSU Central Committee issued a resolution "On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism", providing for administrative and criminal penalties for violating the rules of alcohol trade and drinking alcoholic beverages in public places and at work. Tell me, in which country Do these numbers brighten the faces? Alas, everything is in the past, where is it - 4.70, 5.30? It's not so easy to forget about them, While the earth revolves. Where is the sausage 2.90? And where is the port for three rubles? E. Lesin Vodka in the USSR was a liquid currency, a solid payment for the labor of plumbers, the private activities of tractor drivers, and a small business ’s allowance. They did not drink vodka in the Soviet Union - they "ate" it. The milestones of the board of general secretaries were celebrated in the name of vodka. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev received the nickname - Mineral Secretary for his 1985 Decree (Prohibition). On one of the summer days of this year, two-thirds of the wine and vodka shops were closed all over the USSR at once. The country plunged into the abyss of anti-alcohol chaos. Not only the heavily drinking citizens of the USSR suffered, everyone, from 18 to 80 years old, suffered in queues. The shops were only open from 14 to 19 hours. What the people immediately put together a ditty: "At six in the morning the rooster sings, at eight - Pugachev, the store is closed until two, Gorbachev has the key." The entire scene of drinking alcohol was removed from the films. By a tough decision, "non-alcoholic weddings" came into fashion, at which alcohol, including tinted vodka, was poured from teapots. In the kitchens of Soviet, formerly law-abiding citizens, there were three-liter jars of mash, on which a glove turned up in greeting was pulled up - "Hello to Gorbachev." Before that, in 1983 vodka "Andropovka" was named after another secretary. The grateful people immortalized Yuri Vladimirovich for the fact that he reduced the cost of vodka from 5 rubles. 30 kopecks to 4 rubles. 70 kopecks. The cult figure 3.62 is the price of vodka in the Soviet Union in 1970-78. These three numbers firmly entered the minds of the people, and works of art made them immortal. For example, in Gaidai's film the swindler Miloslavsky calls the phone number: "Additional three sixty-two." Before the Khrushchev monetary reform of 1961, a bottle of vodka in the USSR cost 21 rubles. 20 kopecks The thirsty people threw off a dozen, it turned out 30 rubles. For change, you could buy a good snack. After the reform, everything "became cheaper" 10 times. Vodka began to cost 2 rubles 12 kopecks. The rise in price of vodka in the USSR in 1981 (the price increased to 5 rubles 30 kopecks) gave rise to a new round of folk art: If vodka is five, we will all take it. If the vodka turns eight, we will not quit drinking anyway. Tell Ilyich - we can handle ten! Classic Brezhnev prices for 0.5 l vodka (including the cost of dishes): Stolichnaya - 3.62; Stark - 3.12; Cognac *** - 4.12; Cognac **** - 4.62, etc. And now, the spirit of the times makes the heads of state fight for the health of the people, again without asking this people for their opinion. It is forbidden to sell vodka after 22.00. But is that going to stop anyone? After all, we have behind us the great history of vodka in the USSR, the most persecuted and most beloved product of Russians. Tatiana Voronina
1970
In the late 60s - early 70s of the last century, several varieties of vodka were sold in the USSR, however, the "Stolichnaya" variety was considered a "national" vodka.
The price of 0.5 liter "Stolichnaya" at that time was 3 rubles. 07 kopecks The label says "Price 2 rubles 95 k. Excluding the cost of dishes." A half-liter bottle at that time cost 12 kopecks. Adding the price of vodka to the cost of dishes, we get 3 rubles. 07 kopecks At this price, it was sold in stores.
There was also a number of drinks with a strength of 40 degrees at a price of 2 rubles. 87 kopecks Some of them, for example "Chernigovskaya", had the status of "vodka", some - the status of "bittersweet". However, they appeared on sale relatively rarely and those who wanted to drink "right now" could not seriously expect to buy "half a liter" for less than 3 rubles. "Stolichnaya" was always on sale.
1975
From 1972 to 1977, the most accessible to the population were two varieties of vodka.
One variety was called "Extra". A 0.5 liter bottle of this vodka cost 4 rubles.
As you can see from the label, the letters "O" and "K" were located on the label slightly below the rest of the letters and visually the word "VODKA" was a bit like a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. That is why vodka of this sort began to be called "Crankshaft" among the people.
The second grade had no name, only the word "VODKA" was printed on the label. A 0.5 liter bottle of this vodka cost 3 rubles. 62. Cop. This variety was popularly nicknamed "Crankshaft".
1980
From 1977 to 1981, the most popular among the people was the Russian vodka, worth 4 rubles. 42 kopecks per bottle 0.5 l.
During this period, Pshenichnaya vodka also appeared. It cost 5 rubles. 13 kopecks
Despite the fact that "Pshenichnaya" was on sale quite often (although not always, unlike "Russkaya"), it did not become a "folk" vodka, mainly due to the fact that it cost much more with practically the same quality. "Russian".
There is a special attitude towards vodka in Russia. This is a tradition and a ritual, without it a holiday is not a holiday, and there is no hunting and fishing, and leaving the Russian bathhouse, people remember the saying attributed to Suvorov: "Sell the last pants, and after the bath, drink." Prices for it, "darling", have always worried our citizens, especially since they are steadily growing.
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The minimum cost of vodka in 2019
Next year, Russians will face another increase in prices for spirits. In 2018, the current minimum retail price of 0.5 liters of vodka is 205 rubles. The Ministry of Finance proposed to raise the minimum price tag on store shelves to 215 rubles. for vodka from 37 to 40 degrees. The increase in MRC will affect brandy and cognacs.
The department argues the price adjustment by the fight against illegal products and a surrogate in the alcohol market. Officials also explain that the new alcohol prices are a standard measure given the inflation rate.
The minimum retail prices for alcoholic beverages were first set in Russia in 2009. The purpose of the innovation was to remove cheap counterfeit products from the market. However, experts believe that with each increase in the MRC, Russians drink less legal products and switch to surrogates and moonshine.
How much does a bottle of vodka cost in Russia
The cost of a popular national drink in the Russian Federation varies within from 205 to 2000 rubles... It directly depends on the category of food alcohol and the degree of filtration. The basis of cheap vodka is highly purified alcohol, which undergoes minimal filtration. The mid-price segment is made from Extra alcohol with several degrees of purification. Expensive premium varieties are prepared according to a unique recipe from Alfa and Lux alcohol, where alcohol and water are purified in several stages.
However, the price of vodka is not always an indicator of quality. According to the Russian Quality System, which examined this product at the end of 2017, the best samples, marked by experts in taste, color and smell, entered the price range from 230 to 775 rubles. Among them were the vodka "Gosudarev Zakaz" (approximate cost of 255 rubles), "Pervak" (about 300 rubles), "Husky" (400 rubles), BELUGA (775 rubles).
The cost of popular brands of vodka
Beluga, which is produced at the Mariinsky Distillery, is one of the five super premium vodkas in the world and is sold in 80 countries. Exceptional taste and softness are achieved through high quality malt alcohol, artesian water and multiple filtration. The price for 0.7 liters starts from 1000 rubles, a gift set can cost 10,000.
The cost of the Austrian brand "Oil" starts from 2500 rubles. If they are sold cheaper, this indicates a fake. An elite product is obtained from high-quality grain and spring water.
One of the world's most popular premium brands, Finlandia, is sold in 135 countries. The production volume exceeded 3.1 million decaliters. Producers use melted ice water and polar barley to give the drink a mild flavor. Along with the usual product, tinctures are produced with various flavors. The price for half a liter is approximately 750 rubles, a bottle of 0.7 costs a thousand, and 1 liter costs 1400.
The volume of production of vodkas and liqueurs of the Swedish brand "Absolute" last year amounted to 11.2 million decaliters. The crystal clear product is exported to 130 countries. The price is comparable to Finlandia vodka.
How much did vodka cost in the USSR
In 1961, after the monetary reform in the Soviet Union, a bottle of Moskovskaya cost RUB 2 87 kopecks., and "Stolichnaya" - RUB 3 12 kopecks... The salary could buy 40 bottles of this "folk" vodka. In the early 70s, a measure of the fight against drunkenness was the rise in price of a bitter drink to RUB 3 62 kopecks... These figures have taken root in the popular mind, they are remembered by everyone who grew up in the USSR.
In the 80s, "Russian" was popular, which cost RUB 4 42 kopecks... for half a liter. In the era of Gorbachev's anti-alcohol reform, the cheapest vodka cost RUB 9 10 kopecks, and retail sales fell by 16 billion rubles, which caused serious damage to the state budget.
For hundreds of years of existence of the drink, many interesting events and facts related to it have accumulated. Here are some of them:
- in the 18th century, vodka was considered an elite drink in the world;
- in 1940, those who served in the Red Army received a vodka ration, known as the "People's Commissar's 100 g", during the war it was increased to 200 grams;
- in calorie content, it is comparable to meat;
- there are vodka museums in Moscow and St. Petersburg;
- under Peter I, a cast-iron medal "for drunkenness" was introduced, which weighed 6.8 kg. She was hanged as punishment on the neck of drinking people.
Vodka was and remains a part of everyday Russian culture. We must not forget that you need to drink it in moderation and wisely.
By the way, do you remember how much wine, beer and other drinks cost in the USSR? Write in the comments!
In the USSR, vodka was a liquid currency, a solid payment for the labor of plumbers, the private activities of tractor drivers, and a ration for small entrepreneurs. They did not drink vodka in the Soviet Union - they "ate" it. The milestones of the board of general secretaries were celebrated in the name of vodka. As we know, any change in the price of "bitter" influenced society and politics. Today we remembered the most famous spirals in the price of alcohol in our history. Each of them can be called iconic ...
"Rykovka"
In 1924, on the 10th anniversary of the introduction of Prohibition, the new Soviet state decided on a responsible but dangerous act - to allow the sale of vodka. Interesting recollections of this were preserved in the newspapers of that time: "On the first day of the release of the forty-degree room, people on the streets ... cried, kissed, hugged. They started selling it at 11 o'clock in the morning, and by 4 o'clock all the shops were empty." The cult needs folklore - the people have their own gradation of vodka dishes: "If someone needs to buy a hundred square meters, then they ask for a pioneer, half a bottle for a Komsomol member and a bottle for a party member." In line for vodka. Petrograd. 1920s In Moscow, the sale of Soviet vodka began on October 4, 1925, Sunday. There were queues at the shops selling liquor, like in the 90s at McDonald's. On average, they sold 2,000 bottles a day. The emergence of vodka on sale hit the industry hard, many workers did not go to work, and many of those who nevertheless decided on a labor feat, by lunchtime "reached their condition." The most popular vodka in the history of Russia was nicknamed by the people "rykovka", after the name of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Alexei Rykov. A half-liter bottle cost only a ruble. Its quality was, to put it mildly, disappointing. "Rykovka" was even called "half-Rykov", insisting that Comrade Rykov himself (the people have stuck with him the stigma of a bitter drunkard) in the Kremlin drinks vodka at 60 degrees, and the people get a diluted, 30-degree one.
Alexei Rykov and Joseph Stalin, 1930s With his "vodka initiative" Alexei Rykov became a popular hero of jokes. There is, for example, this: "Rykov got drunk after Lenin's death for two reasons: firstly, from grief, and secondly, from joy." Vodka as an economic factor
In 1940, an average salary could buy 28 bottles of vodka, in 1950 - 29, in 1970 - 40. That is, a sharp decline in the cost of "bitter" happened after the death of Stalin. What happened under Stalin?
Stalin understood what he was doing when he canceled the "dry law" in 1924. In a letter to Molotov dated September 1, 1930, he wrote that a military bloc was being formed around Poland. The secretary general wrote: "It is necessary to discard false shame and directly, openly go to the maximum increase in the production of vodka in order to ensure a real and serious defense of the country." Along with the development of the vodka industry, Stalin allowed the creation of sobriety societies in Russia. And these societies began to have serious weight, gathered meetings of many thousands. Even children took to the streets with propaganda posters: "Dad, don't drink!", "Dad, come home sober", "Not alcohol, but bread." A great public outcry, which could turn into a curtailment of vodka production, and as a result - a cut in the budget for the military-industrial complex, forced Stalin in the late 30s to close the sobriety societies. 
Stalin openly used "vodka manipulation" for political purposes. Serious alcoholization was caused by the introduction of "People's Commissars' 100 grams." The front-line soldiers who had returned from the fronts could no longer do without vodka on the table. Reform and the Decembrists
In the fifties of the last century, prices for vodka ranged from 21 rubles 20 kopecks for ordinary vodka ("mote"), to 3 rubles 70 kopecks for a bottle of "Stolichnaya". In 1961, a monetary reform was carried out and the prices of vodka rose. Vodka "Mote" disappeared, "Moskovskaya" began to cost 2 rubles 87 kopecks, "Stolichnaya" 3 rubles 12 kopecks.
People composed verses: "Comrade, believe, she will come - the same price for vodka ...". The previous prices, however, did not return, the bottles received foil corks with a "visor". In the future, no decrees were issued to raise prices. They just produced vodka under a different "name" and with a different price. This is how "Special", "Selected", "crankshaft", "Andropovskaya", "Russian", "Wheat" appeared ... 
Interestingly, at the same time, a decree was issued, according to which drunkards were imprisoned for 15 days and shaved bald. The decree was issued in December and everyone who suffered from it was teased by the "Decembrists". More popular "Pi"
In the early 70s, 3.62 was more familiar than Pi. In May 1972, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers issued a resolution "On measures to strengthen the fight against drunkenness and alcoholism." At the same time, vodka rose in price to 3 rubles 62 kopecks, only one of its varieties, popularly called "Crankshaft" (on the label, the inscription "Vodka" was made like a crankshaft) remained on the free sale.
Then the "bitter" began to trade from 11 in the morning - this hour the witches called "Lenin's": it turned out that if one of the jubilee rubles issued in 1970 for the 100th anniversary of the leader is attached to the dial of the watch, then Lenin with his raised right hand points exactly to 11 o'clock. 
The price of vodka, figures 3.62 firmly entered the minds of the people, they were immortalized and works of art. For example, in Gaidai's film the swindler Miloslavsky calls the phone number: "Additional three sixty-two." Afghan factor
The rise in the price of vodka in the USSR in 1981 (the price increased to 5 rubles 30 kopecks) gave rise to a new round of folk art and revealed a deep relationship between alcohol and political changes.
If vodka is five, we will all take it. If the vodka turns eight, we will not quit drinking anyway. Tell Ilyich - we can handle ten! If prices become higher, then we will do as in Poland. If there are twenty-five, we will take the Winter one again! The rise in prices for vodka in 1981 is associated with the Afghan war. Every year the USSR spent about 2-3 billion US dollars on the Afghan war. The Soviet Union could afford it at the peak of oil prices, which was observed in 1979-1980. However, since November 1980, oil prices began to fall sharply, and an increase in the price of vodka was a forced measure. 
The people did not drink less, but began to spend more on alcohol, which made the picture of "Russian drunkenness" more and more gloomy. "Andropovka"
One of the proven ways to stay for centuries is to put cheap vodka into circulation. Let its price be not much lower than that of the previous one, but it is guaranteed the title of "national product". The famous vodka was "Andropovka". There was another decoding of the name of the product among the people: "Here He is, What kind Andropov."
The price of a new bottle was 10% lower than the price of the cheapest vodka. "Andropovka" went on sale by September 1, 1983 and was first named "first grader" or "schoolgirl". The legendary vodka did not live long and after two or three years, during the Gorbachev era, it quietly faded away, although it was the Soviet vodka hit of the 1983-1984 season. Gorbachevsky peak
One of the main points of Gorbachev's program was the fight against alcoholization in the country. There were all the prerequisites for this: the country was drunk. Gorbachev raised prices sharply. "Andropovka", which cost 4 rubles 70 kopecks before the start of the anti-alcohol campaign, disappeared from the shelves, and since August 1986 the cheapest vodka cost 9 rubles 10 kopecks.
The Gorbachev reform damaged the Soviet budget system, as annual retail turnover fell by an average of 16 billion rubles. The people responded very vividly to the reforms. Chastooshkas began to go around: "For a week, until the second," we'll bury Gorbachev. If we dig up Brezhnev, we will continue to drink. " 
Over the years, we can say that all the advantages of the campaign, such as increasing the birth rate, worked in the long term, and all the disadvantages hit the country here and now. In the mid-80s, the USSR was no longer ready to lose 10-12% of tax revenues to the budget. In long queues for alcohol, the already low prestige of the leadership fell very low ... According to GOST 12712-80, depending on the taste and aromatic properties, JIKR are divided into special vodkas and vodkas. According to GOST 20 001-74, vodka is an alcoholic beverage obtained by processing the sorting with active carbon followed by filtration; special vodka is a high-grade vodka with a strength of 40 - 45% with an emphasized specific aroma and mild taste.
Back in the 30s, the domestic vodka industry produced only four types of vodka: "40%" - naya, "50%" - naya, "56%" - naya and "Osobaya Moskovskaya". The first of these was considered to be vodka of normal quality, the rest were considered to be of higher quality. In the manufacture of "40%" vodka, rectified alcohol was used, produced from potatoes, grain or molasses. Vodkas "Osobaya Moskovskaya", "50%" - naya and "56%" - naya were prepared from high quality double rectified alcohol. The use of alcohol from molasses for the preparation of these vodkas was not allowed. Alcohol was diluted with reclaimed river water, while vil vodka, the content of minerals could not exceed 500 mg, of which alkaline - no more than 300 mg.
In the post-war period, along with the previously named ones, they began to produce Stolichnaya vodka and 95% drinking alcohol. As before, vodkas "40%" - naya, "50%" - naya and "56%" - naya were a mixture of only alcohol with corrected vbda, treated with coal and filtered. When making vodka "Stolichnaya" 20 g of sugar was dissolved in 1 dal of sorting, and vodka "Moskovskaya Osobaya 40%" was used baking soda and acetic acid.
Drinking alcohol was a mixture of rectified ethyl alcohol, produced from grain and potatoes, with softened water. After mixing alcohol with water, the solution was subjected to filtration and exposure; treatment with active carbon was not performed.
The regulatory requirements of that time for the physicochemical indicators of vodkas and drinking alcohol are given in table. 56.
Over time, the range of vodkas has expanded significantly, and new regulatory requirements have been introduced for the previously produced ones. The following vodkas were produced: "Vodka" (OST 18-7-76): "40%" - naya (GOST 12714-67); "50%" - naya and "56%" - naya (GOST 12712-67); "Russian", "Extra", "Starorusskaya vodka", "Wheat", "Siberian", "Stolichnaya", "Moscow special", "Posolskaya", "Golden Ring", "Golden Gate" - all in accordance with GOST 12712-80 and in a limited amount of special vodka: "Ukrainian Gorilka", "New", "Dzidrais", "Kristall - Dzidrais", "Viru-Valge", "Lietuvishke skydrion" ("Lithuanian transparent"), "Prazdnichnaya".
Alcohol. According to GOST 12712-80, only ethyl alcohol should be used for the sentence of special vodkas and vodkas.
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ІTable 56. Requirements for physical and chemical parameters of vodkas and drinking alcohol |
Rectified of the highest purification, "Extra" or "Lux", produced from food raw materials in accordance with GOST 5962-67 (see table 41). The type of alcohol used for the preparation of a particular vodka is given in table. 57. Vodkas for export are prepared only from "Extra" or "Lux" alcohol, produced from grain in a healthy state.
Water. The quality of water, which, for example, in 40 ° vodka exceeds 60 wt.%, Plays an extremely important role. In the USSR, only natural, mainly river water was used for the preparation of vodkas.
Natural water taken from one source or another always contains admixtures of various substances in a dissolved and suspended state. These impurities pass into the water when it moves over the surface and through the soil layers, as well as during the formation and movement of clouds.
Substances dissolved in water are represented by: salts of mineral origin - calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, sodium, manganese, copper; substances and salts of organic origin - mainly decay products of the remains of the animal and plant world; human production activities - mineral and organic fertilizers, components of wastewater and industrial emissions.
Suspended substances are represented by the smallest particles of mineral and organic origin, colloids and microorganisms.
The amount of these impurities in water depends on the composition of the soils on which it moves, on the production activity of humans and can vary significantly throughout the year. This is especially typical for river, lake and well water during the period of snow melting and floods. All impurities affect the organoleptic properties and physicochemical parameters of water and, depending on their content, it can be hard or soft, salty or fresh, cloudy or transparent, colored or colorless, have one or another odor.
The hardness of water is determined by the calcium and magnesium salts present in it. With an increase in their content, the hardness of the water increases. Water hardness is expressed in milligram-equivalent - ribbons of calcium or magnesium ions per liter (1 dm3) of water (mg-equiv / l); (mEq / dm). Hardness of 1 mg-eq / l corresponds to the content of 20.04 mg of Ca ions or 12.16 mg of Mg ions in water. Sometimes they use the old expression for hardness - in German degrees: 1 German degree of hardness corresponds to the content of 10 mg CaO vil water, that is, 1 meq is equal to 2.004.
Water hardness is characterized by: a) total hardness; b) temporary or removable stiffness; c) constant rigidity. In this case, the total stiffness is the sum of temporary and permanent stiffness.
Temporary or removable stiffness is caused by carbonate salts of calcium and magnesium. When boiling water, these salts precipitate.
Constant hardness is caused by sulfate and chloride salts of calcium and magnesium, which do not precipitate when boiling water.
In the overwhelming number of cases, vodka production plants use drinking water from communal water pipelines and are located in large industrial centers, where the water is especially polluted by human waste products. Drinking water (GOST 2814-73) meets a number of sanitary and epidemiological requirements, ensuring its satisfactory organoleptic properties. It is harmless in chemical and radiation composition and is epidemiologically safe. However, the requirements for the water used to make vodka are much higher. In particular, natural drinking non-softened water should have a hardness not exceeding 1 mg-eq / dm 3, softened and desalinated water - up to 0.36 mg-eq / dm (according to GOST 12712-80). For vodkas for export, these requirements are even more stringent: natural drinking water that is not softened must have a hardness of no more than 1 mg-eq / dm3, corrected, including softened, up to 0.1 mg-eq / dm (according to GOST 27907- 88). The total content of mineral salts in water should not exceed 0.5 g. Therefore, to ensure the necessary salt composition, transparency, crystal glitter and odorlessness, drinking water is processed before it is mixed with alcohol: softened, discolored, deodorized, filtered. Such processing is carried out on the basis of laboratory analyzes of water and in each case includes various technological operations and the amount of chemicals used.
Sometimes water is almost completely demineralized (demineralized), as a result of which its properties become close to those of distilled water. Note that in the USSR, distilled water was not used to prepare vodka: vodka prepared with its use has an "empty" taste.
Coal sorting treatment. Since the 30s in the USSR, sorting was processed only with active carbon. At the same time, the duration of its contact with sorting and dosage, in comparison with charcoal, was significantly reduced, since on the basis of analytical studies and tasting it was found that the duration of contact of the sorting with active carbon should not exceed 30 minutes. Beyond this time, the taste of vodka does not improve and, moreover, may deteriorate, since the content of aldehydes in it increases. It was considered that when processing the sorting during the specified time, 16 g of active carbon per 1 dal of the sorting is sufficient. These figures were also fixed for the "40%" vodka. In the case of its preparation from alcohol from molasses, 24 g of active carbon per 1 dal was consumed. For vodkas of improved quality ("50%" - noy, "56%" - noy, and "Osobaya Moskovskaya"), 30 g of active coal was consumed per 1 dal of sorting, also with a 30-minute contact of coal with the sorting.
During the specified time, it is necessary to ensure continuous and vigorous mixing of the coal with sorting, after which it is necessary to immediately separate the sorting from the coal.
Mainly birch active carbon was used with particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 mm. The weight of 1 liter of coal must be at least 170 g.
At the pre-war factories, three methods of processing sorting with activated carbon were used: 1) Moscow; 2) Kiev; 3) Tula.
Moscow way. Sorting is poured into a metal container, after which a weighed amount of coal is poured into it, based on the regulatory documentation and the volume of sorting. Immediately after this, the sorting is continuously and vigorously mixed with coal, which is carried out by oars, a mechanical stirrer, or compressed air from a compressor. After 30 minutes, stirring is stopped, the coal is allowed to settle to the bottom of the container, which occurs within 4 hours, the sorting is drained, and the coal is sent for regeneration. Since in this technology the duration of contact of the sorting with coal actually exceeds 30 minutes, this was considered its significant disadvantage.
Kiev way. In this method, the sorting is in contact with the coal for exactly 30 minutes. This is achieved due to the fact that the calculated amount of coal is not poured directly into the tank, but is introduced into it in drums from a metal mesh. In this case, the sorting is launched into a drum with coal, washes the coal contained in it and flows through the mesh openings into the tank. At the same time, the sorting is mixed in the tank with compressed air. After 30 minutes, the drum with coal is removed from the tank, the coal is sent for regeneration, and the sorting for filtration.
Tula way. In this method, filters were used that were available at pre-revolutionary vodka factories, but the sorting moved from the bottom up, due to which it was vigorously mixed with coal.
In modern technologies, sorting processing, with certain differences, is carried out both in Tula and according to the methods used in pre-revolutionary factories. Used active charcoal crushed grades BAU-A or DAK in accordance with GOST 6217-74; when preparing export vodka, brand BAU-A. (According to the named GOST, coal of the BAU-A brand is intended for use in alcoholic beverages production and for adsorption from solutions and aqueous media; DAK brand - for purifying steam condensate from oil and other impurities.) Since the implementation of these technologies in domestic conditions is difficult and impractical , we will not describe them. We only note that modern technologies for processing sorting with activated carbon are described in detail in.
Sort filtering. Sorting is filtered twice: before and after treatment with active carbon. Quartz sand is used as the main filtering material, which is divided into several fractions at vodka production plants, based on the size of the grains of sand. After fractionation, the sand is thoroughly washed with water, then with 3% hydrochloric acid and again with water. The sand treated in this way is loaded into cylindrical drums called sand filters. In the simplest sand drums of old designs (Fig. 46), sand fractions with particle sizes from 1 to 3 mm and from 3.5 to 5 mm and coarse gravel were used.
The filter was a copper, tin-plated inside cylinder with a diameter of 0.7 m and a total height of 1 m.The total height of the filtering layers was about 0.7 m.The number of filtering layers - no more than Si The cylinder was divided in height into three chambers using removable apertured diaphragms , also made of tinned copper: a) top - supply; b) medium - boot; c) the bottom - the national team. The filter material is placed in the loading chamber in layers. In this case, the lower and upper layers are made of gravel, the intermediate ones are made of sand. The perforated diaphragms were covered with cloth gaskets made of greatcoat cloth, felt or flannel. Sometimes layers of sand and gravel were also separated from each other by spacers of these materials. To retain the largest particles, a pad of several layers of cotton wool, wrapped in gauze and placed in the upper part of the filter, was used. Often, in order to retain the largest particles of coal, preliminary
filtration of the sorting, passing it under pressure through a glass with a layer of flannel or cloth reinforced at its bottom.
Direction of movement
Sorting during filtration from top to bottom. The first portions of the sorting machine, passing through the freshly loaded sand and gravel, are unclear, so they are sent back to the sorting vat. When the crystal-clear sorting filtrate starts to come out of the filter, the filter is switched from the sorting vat to the finishing one. In the finishing vat, the sorting is fine-tuned to the required strength by adding alcohol or carefully filtered water, after which the vodka is bottled.
Modern filters use sand of three fractions with particle sizes: from 1 to 1.5 mm; from 1.5 to 2.0; from 2.0 to 3.0 mm. The fabric is not used by placing layers of sand with different particle sizes on top of each other. In this case, the bottom layer of sand, which has the largest sizes of grains of sand, is poured onto a fine-mesh metal mesh, fixed on a strong lattice frame. Along with sand filters, monolithic ceramic filters with pore sizes of several tens of microns are used.
Vodka recipes. In a strict sense, vodka should consist only of water and rectified grain ethyl alcohol with a share of the latter 40 vol.%. Even before World War II, no other ingredients, with the exception of baking soda, were allowed with it. According to the normative documentation of that time, the content of alkaline substances in terms of baking soda for vil of ordinary quality vodka could not exceed 300 mg, due to which it was allowed to add baking soda to the sorting with the lacking alkalinity, bringing the alkalinity to the full norm (300 mg / l). For vodkas of improved quality, it was allowed to bring the alkalinity to 600 mg / l. Due to the fact that in an alkaline environment the absorption properties of active carbon are weakened, it was recommended to add soda after the sorting treatment with coal.
Along with this, in the scientific and technical literature of that time, several more formulations of vodka are given. In particular, in the Technical Encyclopedia, vol. 3, p. 860 - 862, (Moscow: Sov. Encycl., 1928) when preparing vodkas, it is recommended to add 0.3 g of baking soda and 1.6 g of beet sugar for each liter of sorting, which leads to a softening of the harshness of its taste. According to vodka of high taste, it is obtained if to each liter of sorting add 25 mg of potassium permanganate, previously dissolved in a small amount of water, and 40 mg of 80%
acetic acid. After half an hour, add 200 mg of baking soda and leave everything for 1 - 2 days, after which the whole mixture is filtered from manganese dioxide. The oxidative effect of potassium permanganate brings with it, like ozone, a certain aging effect. After filtration, there is no manganese in the finished product.
In the post-war period, the range of substances used in the manufacture of vodka has expanded significantly. So, according to GOST 12712-80, in the preparation of one or another type of vodka and special vodkas, in addition to the previously named alcohol, water and activated carbon, the following are used: refined granulated sugar and refined sugar in accordance with GOST 22-78, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) according to GOST 2156-76; food acetic acid according to GOST 6968-76; food citric acid in accordance with GOST 908-79; lactic acid food according to GOST 490-79; hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118-77; potassium permanganate according to GOST 20490-75; table salt according to GOST 13830-68; distilled glycerin according to GOST 68224-76; natural honey according to GOST 19792-87; skimmed cow's milk in accordance with GOST 10970-87; potato starch in accordance with GOST 7699-78; aromatic alcohols obtained from aromatic plant raw materials and rectified alcohol of the highest purification, essential oils and some other products. It is clear that some of the named substances, such as, for example, starch, milk and potassium permanganate, are used only for cleaning the sorting and they are absent in the vodka supplied to the trade. Along with this, some vodkas, for example, "Pshenichnaya" and "Sibirskaya", are made only from alcohol and water and do not contain additives, except for those that come from coal and are formed during the sorting process. Here is the technology of adding additives and formulations of some vodkas.
So, according to the recipe of A.S. Egorov and his colleagues, given in, vodka has high organoleptic characteristics, containing 36 mg of NaCl (table salt), 546 mg of NaHCO3 (baking soda) and 50 mg of Ca (HCO3) 2 in 1 dal. According to this recipe, table salt and baking soda in the indicated quantities are added directly to the water, after which the solution is passed through a filter with marble chips. During the filtration process, part of the soda chemically interacts with the marble, resulting in the formation of Ca (HCO3) 2. (Marble is a rock, its main component is calcite (CaCO3).) Use marble chips with a particle size of 10 - 20 mm. The specified amount of Ca (HCO3) 2 is formed during the duration of the contact of a solution of soda and sodium chloride in water with marble chips for 10 - 20 minutes. The water treated in this way is used to dilute the alcohol.
Recipes of vodkas "50%" - naya, "Stolichnaya", "Extra", "Vodka", "Moskovskaya Osobaya", "Ukrainian Gorilka" and "Prazdnichnaya" are given on the basis of; "Siberian" and "Pshenichnaya" - respectively OST 18-292-76 and OST 18-296-76; "40%" - naya -
GOST 12714-67, "56%" - naya - GOST 12712-67. Unfortunately, we cannot give the recipe for other vodkas, since it has a prohibitive stamp, and the authors are law-abiding citizens.
Stolichnaya vodka. For the preparation of this vodka, refined granulated sugar is used. For 1 dal of sorting, 20 g of sugar are consumed, which is introduced into the sorting in the form of syrup.
Under industrial conditions, sugar syrup is prepared with a sugar content of 65.8 and 73.2 wt.%, Which corresponds to approximately 0.52 and 0.37 liters of water per kilogram of sugar. The technology is carried out as follows. In a container of the required volume, water is heated to 50-60 ° C, after which, without stopping heating, the calculated amount of sugar is poured into it with constant stirring and, having completely dissolved it, the syrup is brought to a boil. During the boiling process, the heating is reduced or stopped several times, and at this time the foam is removed from the surface of the syrup. If the foam stops forming, the syrup is ready. After that, the heating is stopped and the syrup is quickly cooled. Heat treatment sugar syrup is tried to be carried out as quickly as possible, since from a prolonged stay at the boiling point, the syrup turns yellow. "It should be noted that while the sugar syrup is boiling, it should be constantly stirred so that it does not burn and does not acquire a yellow color. The finished syrup is poured into clean, strong oak barrels or into a tin-plated metal bowl, in which it is left to cool. Boiling the syrup is best of all produce in a boiler (copper) with a steam jacket heated by steam; the inner surface of the boiler must be well cured. It is also possible to heat the boiler with a steam coil. Steam heating is convenient because it is easier to regulate and the danger of syrup burning is reduced. boiler for boiling syrup, the walls of the boiler must be protected from direct contact with the flame by installing safety shields or brickwork with an air gap, or used for heating water bath" .
Vodka "Extra". For the preparation of this vodka, refined granulated sugar and potassium permanganate are used. One dal of sorting consumes 25 g of sugar and up to 10 mg of potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate solution is first added to sorting, mixed, and then sugar syrup is added.
Vodka "Vodka". To prepare this vodka for 1 dal of sorting, 1 g of baking soda (INSOz), 0.308 g of food citric acid and 10 g of refined granulated sugar. The baking soda is injected directly into the sorting machine in the form of an aqueous solution. Sugar is introduced into sorting in the form of invert sugar. Of the specified amount of citric acid, 0.3 g is introduced into the sorting solution in the form of a solution to create a certain acidity, and 0.008 g is used to obtain invert sugar (0.08% by weight of sugar).
Invert sugar is a mixture of equal parts
Glucose and fructose. Received by heating sugar syrup in the presence of citric or hydrochloric acids. Sucrose under these conditions is inverted, that is, the sucrose molecule attaches a water molecule and decomposes into glucose and fructose molecules: C12H22O11 + H20 = CbHigOb + CbHiOb. sucrose water glucose fructose
Compared to sucrose, invert sugar is less prone to crystallization when mixed with aqueous-alcoholic solutions, is sweeter and has a greater total mass.
To prepare a solution of invert sugar, sugar syrup is first prepared at the rate of 1 kg of sugar per 0.52 liters of water according to the previously described technology. Having removed the foam from the syrup for the last time, a 10% aqueous solution of citric acid is added to it in an amount of 0.08% citric acid from the mass of the processed sugar and, stirring, kept at 95 - 100 ° C for 2 hours. During this time, about 50 % sucrose. With a longer heating duration and, accordingly, the degree of inversion, the syrup darkens, which is unacceptable in the production of vodka. The inversion is carried out in enameled containers.
Vodka "Moscow special". To prepare this in<эдки используют пищевую соду и уксусную кислоту. Пищевую соду в виде концентрированного раствора ее в сортировке вносят непосредственно в основную порциию сортировки для придания ей мягкости, а также используют с уксусной кислотой для получения уксуснокислого натрия (СНзСОСЖа). В каждом конкретном случае массу соды, которую необходимо внести в сортировку, определяют путем титрования исходной сортировки в лаборатории и выполнения расчетов по формуле
M = (0.084 g / ml) (A2 - Ai), where M is the mass of chemically pure NaHC03, which must be added to each 1 decalter of the sorting to ensure the necessary alkalinity; A2 is the required sorting alkalinity, expressed in ml of 0.1 N HCL solution per 100 ml of sorting; And i - initial alkalinity of sorting, in ml of 0.1 N HC1 solution per 100 ml of sorting.
Example: Let Ai = 1.0 ml, and A2 = 3.0 ml (see table 57 for the requirements for the alkalinity of Moskovskaya Osobaya vodka). Skinny M = 0.84 g / ml x (3.0 ml - 1.0 ml) = 1.68 g of baking soda per 1 dal of sorting. The weighed amount of soda is first thoroughly mixed with a small amount of sorting, after which it is poured into the main portion of the sorting and also thoroughly mixed.
Titration (determination of alkalinity) sorting is carried out as follows. In a conical flask made of uncolored chemically resistant glass with a capacity of 250-500 ml, pour 100 ml of sorting, add two drops of methyl red solution to it, shake it, then gradually add 0.1 N HC1 solution with constant shaking. The titration is terminated at the moment when the color of the sorting color changes from yellow to pink. The number of milliliters of HC1 solution used for titration is a measure of the alkalinity of the sorting
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Table 57. Requirements for physical and chemical indicators of vodka |
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Indicator name |
Norms for vodkas for domestic consumption from alcohol |
Norms for vodkas for export, from alcohol |
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Highest purification |
Highest purification |
"Extra" |
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"Russian", "Extra", "Starorusskaya vodka" |
"Wheat" |
"Siberian" |
"Stolichnaya" |
"Moscow special" |
"Ambassador" |
"Golden Ring", "Golden Gate" |
Special vodkas |
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Fortress, % |
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Alkalinity - the volume of slyric acid with (HC1) - 0.1 mol / dm3, consumed for the titration of 100 cm3 of vodka, cm3, no more |
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Mass concentration of aldehydes in terms of acetic acid in 1 dm3 of anhydrous alcohol, mg, not more |
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Mass concentration of fusel oil in terms of a mixture of isoamyl and isobutyl alcohols (3: 1) in 1 dm3 of anhydrous alcohol, mg, no more |
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Mass concentration of ethers in terms of ethyl acetate per 1 dm3 of anhydrous alcohol, mg, not more |
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The volume fraction of methyl alcohol in terms of anhydrous alcohol,%, no more |
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(table 58. Requirements for physical and chemical indicators of vodka
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(the value of Ai). We would like to draw the reader's attention to the fact that the above titration method and formula are suitable only for sorting with initially neutral or alkaline properties, which is the case in the industrial production of vodka (alcohol is weakly acidic and water is alkaline). A solution of methyl red is prepared by dissolving 1 g of the drug while heating in a water-alcohol solution consisting of 300 ml of ethyl alcohol and 200 ml of water.
A solution of sodium acetate is obtained by neutralizing acetic acid with baking soda. According to regulatory requirements, 0.4 ml of 80% acetic acid is consumed per 1 dal of sorting. In order to obtain sodium acetate, the corresponding amount of 80% acetic acid is placed in a tin-plated or enameled container, diluted with 8-10 times the volume of softened water, and baking soda is added in small portions to this solution with constant stirring with a wooden stirrer until a solution with neutral properties is obtained. After that, an aqueous solution of CH3COCJa is poured into the sorting unit and mixed thoroughly.
Vodkas "40%" - naya, - "50%" - naya, "56%" - naya, "Siberian" and "Pshenichnaya". For the preparation of these vodkas, only alcohol and water are used. At the same time, the water for the "Siberian" and "Pshenichnaya" vodkas is treated with active carbon and filtered before being mixed with alcohol.
Special vodka "Ukrainian gorilka". For the preparation of this vodka, 40 g of honey are used per 1 dal of sorting. Linden honey is preferred. Honey is introduced into sorting in the form of its solution in vodka or sorting, compiled at the rate of: 1 g of honey per 10 ml of liquid. In order to remove mechanical particles and colloidal substances present in honey, the honey solution is thoroughly filtered through filter paper in accordance with GOST 12290-89 before being added to the sorting system.
Special vodka "Holiday". To prepare this vodka, use (based on 1 dal of sorting): baking soda - 2 g, sugar - 2 g, citric acid - 0.8 g.
Solutions of sugar, invert sugar, baking soda and potassium permanganate are introduced into the sorting unit before it is processed with active carbon; honey, glycerin, essential oils and aromatic alcohols after its treatment with active carbon, since the latter partially absorbs these substances.
The quality of the vodka. Determined organoleptically on the basis of tasting and analytically through laboratory tests. At the same time, the requirements for the quality of vodkas produced for domestic consumption are set by GOST 12712-80, for export - by GOST 27907-88.
Organoleptic indicators of vodka are: a) appearance; b) color; c) taste and aroma. According to the above-mentioned GOSTs, the requirements for the organoleptic characteristics of vodkas produced for domestic consumption and exported are identical: vodka must be a clear liquid without impurities and sediment; should be colorless; have a taste and aroma typical for this type of vodka, and not have an extraneous taste and aroma. In practice, organoleptic indicators are assessed on a ten-point scale. The highest mark - 10 points is assigned to vodka with impeccable transparency and crystal shine (2 points); does not have a sweet, pungent or bitter taste (4 points); odorless of alcohol and other foreign substances and with a characteristic aroma of this type of vodka (4 points).
Analytical (physicochemical) requirements for vodkas produced for domestic consumption (GOST 12712-80) and exported (GOST 27907-88) are given in table. 57.
Later, in GOST 12712-80, in accordance with the change No. 4 dated 07/04/86 in the table specifying the requirements for the physicochemical indicators of vodkas, the word "Extra" was excluded from the column "Norm for vodkas from highly purified alcohol", and in accordance with by amendment No. 5 of 12.11.91, the requirements for the physicochemical indicators of vodka are set forth in a new edition (see Table 58).
Vodkas have a certain shelf life. According to GOST 12712-80, the guaranteed shelf life for vodkas is 12 months, vodkas intended for the USSR Ministry of Defense - 18 months, special vodkas - 6 months from the date of their bottling.
Vodka belongs to strong alcoholic beverages. (According to GOST 20001-74: alcoholic beverages are alcoholic beverages with a strength of 12 - 60%, prepared by mixing semi-finished products with rectified alcohol; strong alcoholic beverages are alcoholic beverages with a strength of 30% and higher). However, as they say here in Kiev, "Each drink has its own buzz." Therefore, along with vodka, the industry produces on the basis of rectified ethyl alcohol and other alcoholic beverages: liqueurs, creams, liqueurs, tinctures, balsams, etc. These drinks have different strengths (from 12 to 60 °), and, unlike vodka, contain significant amounts of sugar, food colors, acids, aromas and other substances. The technologies for the production and formulation of such drinks, as well as cognac, whiskey and gin, will be given by us in the second part of this book.
There are no substances, including ethyl alcohol, with a 100% content of the main component in nature, since any substances, even the purest ones, contain a certain amount of impurities. Therefore, for example, the terms "100% alcohol" or "100% acid" do not correspond to the real substance, but are used to facilitate calculations and records. The industry produces, in limited quantities, the so-called absolute alcohol, containing at least 99.8 vol.% Ethyl alcohol, and water as the main impurity. In laboratories, using some chemicals from rectified and absolute alcohols, alcohol is obtained with a negligible water content. In modern scientific and technical literature, instead of the term "100% alcohol", the term "anhydrous alcohol" is often used.
Detailed tables of converting metric units into Russian and Russian into metric units are given in the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" (v.9) Brockhaus-Efron. - St. Petersburg: TypogrAkts. About-va "Publishing business", Brockhaus-Efron, 1900.
This corresponds to 1 kg of flour per 4.2 liters of water.
This corresponds to 1 kg of flour per 5.4 liters of water.
Ostsee Provinces - German name for the Baltic region
Before the invention of alcohol meters, the alcohol content in wine was determined by alcohol burnout. For this purpose, a certain volume of wine was placed in a metal glass and set on fire. It was believed that the difference in the volume of wine before and after the end of combustion correspond to the volume of alcohol in it. It is clear that this method was inaccurate and always gave an overestimated alcohol content, since part of the water evaporated during the combustion process. If the burnt out alcohol was half or two-thirds of the volume, then in Russia such a wine was called, respectively, "half-gar" or "two-thirds of the gar".